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Who Gets Prostate Cancer
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Below is an extract from the ebook "Dealing with Prostate Cancer"
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Who Gets Prostate Cancer?
There is no conclusive evidence to suggest that a specific factor is the main cause for prostate
cancer. However, there are certain risk factors. Some of these risk factors like diet and gaining
weight can be controlled. Yet, family history, genetics, and race factors cannot be controlled or
changed. Again, having a risk factor does not necessarily mean you will develop prostate cancer.
Some men with many risk factors do not ever develop prostate cancer while some men with very
few risk factors develop prostate cancer.
Predisposing Factors for Prostate Cancer
Every man is susceptible to prostate cancer. As the prostate gland is exclusive to the male
reproductive system, this cancer affects only men. One in every six men could develop prostate
cancer. However, only one in every thirty-four could die of it. Age is another contributing factor.
Men over the age of sixty to eighty have the highest incidence of prostate cancer. It seldom affects
men below the age of forty-five.
Prostate cancer is presently the most common cancer among American men. It is also the second
most important cause for death among American men. The trend is predicted to increase with
increase in population. Prostate cancer is fast becoming a major public health problem in the
United States.
Some men are at a higher risk of contracting prostate cancer.
There are various predisposing factors for the occurrence of prostate cancer like race, genetics,
family history, and many others. These factors may contribute to the incidence and development of
the disease, either individually or collectively.
Age: This is by far the most important factor for development of prostate cancer. This cancer is
most common in men from the age of fifty to sixty.
The highest incidence is among men aged sixty-five. Prostate cancer, in comparison to other
cancers, increases faster with age although no specific reason has been found.
As the average mortality rate increases, there is every possibility of more cases of prostate cancer
coming to the fore in the coming decades.
The aging process causes various biochemical reactions which may encourage abnormal cell
growth.
Autopsy studies from different countries indicate that 15% to 30% of men older than 50 years
have histological evidence of prostate cancer. Hence, by the age of eighty, around 60% to 70% of
men depict carcinoma at autopsy.
But, more elderly men die of other causes, while only about 3% die of prostate cancer.
Heredity: Heredity is believed to have a direct influence over the occurrence of prostate cancer. If
your father or brother has been clinically diagnosed with prostate cancer, chances of you
developing it are more than three times the average.
You could even contract the cancer in your youth. This factor may be more important if your close
relatives developed prostate cancer by the age of sixty or if more than one male family member
has had this disease.
Another indicator may be that if female family members have had breast cancer, you may have a
higher risk than average of developing prostate cancer sometime in your life. The onset of prostate
cancer is quite early in such cases in comparison to the normal onset of the disease.
Men as young as forty can develop prostate cancer if their direct relatives have had it.
Genetics: Studies have indicated the presence of various genes that increase prostate cancer
risks. Genetic factors account for five to ten percent of the total prostate cancer cases. Very recent
reports as of 11 Feb, 2008 indicate a major genetic breakthrough into the cause of prostate
cancer. Australian and British scientists have discovered seven areas in human genome that could
offer linkage to prostate cancer.
Dr. Ros Eeles has studied the genetic make-up of more than 10,000 men and has concluded that a
specific gene, MSMB, could prove helpful in the detection and screening of prostate cancer. Gene
LMTK2 from another genome can provide deeper insight into better treatment options. Although
these recent findings can offer a better approach into the occurrence and treatment options of
prostate cancer, it would definitely take many years for these treatments to materialize and be
available for use.
Clearly various genetic events help in the growth and development of a fully malignant prostate
cancer cell. The initiation event occurs at the same rate independent of race or place of birth. This
explains the differences in the rate of promotion or progression of prostate cancer among
Japanese and American men although the initiation rate could be the same.
Genetic defects could cause prostate cancer. Scientists are investigating certain genes like
Hereditary Prostate Cancer Genes 1 and 2 (HPC1, HPC2) and HPCX. It is also held that genetically
caused prostate cancer is different from that caused due to other factors. If women in your family
develop breast cancer by the age of forty, it indicates certain genetic flaws. Such faulty genes
could cause prostate cancer among male members of your family. Only 5% to 10% of cases could
be due to an inherited altered gene running in the family.
Obesity: Obese men have a higher risk of getting prostate cancer. Rather, obese men record a
higher incidence of advanced prostate cancer and often die of it. Regular physical exercise and high
levels of physical activity can lower the risk of advanced prostate cancer.
Inflammation of the Prostate: Inflammation of the prostate gland could cause prostatitis. In some
cases, sexually transmitted infections can increase the risk of prostate cancer.
Ethnic groups: People belonging to some specific race may show increased incidence of the
disease while some other races show lower occurrences. African-American men show higher
incidence of prostate cancer while its incidence is less among Asian-American and Hispanic or
Latino men.
Non-Hispanic whites and African-Caribbean men may also have an increased risk of prostate
cancer.
Prostate cancer is more common in America and north-western Europe and less common in China,
India, and Japan. Scandinavian men report higher rates of prostate cancer than Asian men do.
The incidence of prostate cancer is highest among Blacks and the lowest among Asians.
Japanese and Africans living in their native countries seem to have a very low incidence of prostate
cancer.
African-American men have a higher incidence of prostate cancer than do black men in Africa or Asia.
However, the other races show a tendency to develop prostate cancer once they immigrate to the
United States. There is no specific reason to explain this occurrence. Some theories suggest the
influence of environmental factors, socio-economic factors, diet, and lifestyles.
Diet: Prostate cancer occurs more in countries with a staple food of meat and dairy products than
in countries with a staple food of rice, vegetables, and soybean products. Research also indicates
that high dietary fat could be a major contributing factor for prostate cancer.
Fruits and vegetables contain antioxidant lycopene in high levels. Studies indicate that presence of
lycopene reduces risks of prostate cancer. Suggested vegetables and fruits include tomatoes,
watermelon, and pink grapefruit.
High fat content, specifically animal fat, in diets is the primary cause for prostate cancer.
Consuming fiber-rich food, and a daily intake of lots of yellow and green colored vegetables,
consumption of beans, lentils, peas, tomatoes, raisins, dates, and dried fruit can reduce prostate
cancer risks substantially. However, the relationship between prostate cancer and dietary factors
is very complex.
Men who consume lots of red meat and dairy products may have a greater risk of prostate cancer.
Normally, men consuming such a diet eat more dairy products and less vegetables and fruits.
Consuming a diet rich in vegetables, whole grains, soy, fish, nuts, and seeds is claimed by some to
lower the risk of prostate cancer.
Smoking is another risk factor for prostate cancer. Inhaling of toxic substances and tobacco may
affect the chance of getting prostate cancer.
Cadmium Exposure: Exposure to heavy metals like cadmium is also believed to be a risk factor for
prostate cancer.
This mineral is normally found in alkaline batteries and cigarette smoke. People in the welding and
electroplating occupations are exposed to high cadmium levels. Cadmium in combination with zinc
poses a high risk for prostate cancer.
The element zinc is present in multiple intracellular metabolic pathways. The prostate also contains
high amounts of zinc. Several enzymes like polymerases require zinc to function properly. Such
combinations may prove to be a major factor for an increased risk of prostate cancer, although
there is no conclusive medical evidences to support this currently.
Exercise: A sedentary lifestyle due to technological advances and increased economic and
monetary power could be a possible cause for prostate cancer. If it does not have a direct relation,
it may still contribute to increasing your risk.
That sedentary lifestyle restricts movements and your body slackens due to absence of any
exercise. This in turn causes various changes in hormone and chemical balances in your body. This
could reflect on your prostate gland and might encourage the growth of cancerous cells.
If you have a sedentary lifestyle with no physical exercise, you may have a higher chance of
contracting prostate cancer.
Regular physical exercise is essential for everyone.
Vasectomy: Observations suggest that vasectomized men report higher incidences of prostate
cancer. Vasectomized men have higher levels of circulating testosterone. Further, these men have
undergone vasectomy one or two decades before detection of prostate cancer. Therefore,
increased hormone levels due to a vasectomy might be the cause for prostate cancer in elderly
men. There are conflicting reports on the relation between a vasectomy and prostate cancer.
Testosterone: High levels of testosterone may fuel the occurrence of prostate cancer. It does not
cause prostate cancer directly, but it may help the development of existing prostate cancer.
This is the male hormone produced by testicles. Although this hormone does not directly cause
prostate cancer, it could influence the occurrence of prostate cancer largely. High levels of such
hormones are an increased risk. However, there is no conclusive evidence and scientists are
researching into the possibilities.
Hormones: Dietary factors influence secretion of body hormones. Low-fat and high-fiber diets
affect the male sex hormone metabolism by decreasing circulating testosterone. Testosterone is
essential for growth of normal prostate epithelium. Rather, early prostate cancer is endocrine
dependent.
Research and studies show that young African-American men have 15% higher serum testosterone
levels than their white counterparts. Similarly, American men have higher levels of the sex hormone
binding globulin than their Japanese counterparts do. These enzymes are responsible for mitotic
activity of the prostate.
A vegetarian diet reduces plasma testosterone levels substantially. This can be one of the major
reasons for the low incidence of prostate cancer among vegetarian men.
BPH and hormonal activity: The prostate gland develops before birth and continues to grow until
adulthood. This growth is due to male hormones or androgens. Low hormone levels restrict the
growth of the prostate gland.
In some cases, this gland continues to grow even in old men. This causes benign prostatic
hyperplasia or BPH. This could cause problems with urination. BPH causes extensive changes in the
prostate gland and could restrict urinary outflow when the urine remains within the bladder and
could cause cystitis.
With age, hormone levels fall and this causes imbalance in androgen and estrogen levels. Levels of
dihydrotestosterone, the main prostatic intracellular androgen, increase and this could cause
inflammation, leading to prostate cancer.
Infections: More than eighty percent of prostate cancer cases are due to infection by Escherichia
coli. Other causes for infection include Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter,
Staphylococcus, or Streptococcus. These organisms enter the prostate through the bloodstream or
through urethral infection. Sometimes, excessive or very infrequent sexual intercourse,
catheterization, or cystoscopy could cause infections leading to prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is affected by a combination of factors. Some of these factors could play a major
role.
The factors in play include genetic, environmental, and epigenetic events. The interrelation and
interaction between these factors is important to research for the better treatment and possible
prevention of prostate cancer.
Androgen levels in a man are the effects of interrelations and combinations of various genes like
testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, and estrogen, with environmental influences like
those of zinc and cadmium. Dietary factors also play a major role. Again, diet and hormones have a
direct bearing and provide important clues about the development of prostate cancer.
Presently, various universities and cancer societies are undertaking many experiments. Different
men are screened for prostate cancer and their findings will offer ample guidance. This will enable
doctors and scientists to clarify the relationship between histologic and clinically evident prostate
cancer. It will also help many men to be available for early detection of prostate cancer.
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Above is an extract from the ebook "Dealing with Prostate Cancer".
You have found the above information useful, right? Read on to find out more about this very
informative eBook.
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"You have prostate cancer and here is the prognosis...."
Imagine hearing such dreaded words and feel frightened and panic stricken!
It has been estimated in US alone, there will be more that 186,000+ new prostate cancer cases
and almost 29,000 deaths from prostate cancer.
Many people assume that prostate cancer only attacks the elderly and figure they'll just wait and
hope for the best. Bad decision. While the majority of cases do occur in men over 70, it has been
known to attack men as young as 50.
The disease also crosses ethnic lines and is the second most common malignant cancer in men.
African American men are at a higher risk than white men including Hispanic men.
According to the National Cancel Institute, "Dramatic differences in the incidence of prostate cancer
are also seen in different populations around the world." This is telling because there may be
dietary or other environmental factors involved.
Getting all the answers
Just like any disease, the earlier the detection the better the chances of beating it. That's all well
and good, but how do you know if you are at risk or heaven forbid, already showing symptoms?
What are the symptoms? You really need to have a good resource available for reference.
That's where "Dealing With Prostate Cancer" rides in to give you all the information you need to be
prepared. So often when dealing with a serious medical situation just having answers can bring
some much needed relief.
"Dealing With Prostate Cancer" understands your fears and provides you with answers to those
most burning questions. A few examples of what will help to ease your mind are:
- What are the different types of prostate cancer
- What is the progression or stages of the disease
- How common is prostate cancer
- Analysis of who is at risk for prostate cancer
- What symptoms should be watched for
- How should the disease be treated
- Are there alternative therapies for prostate cancer
- Your immune system and prostate cancer
- Does prostate cancer make a man impotent
- Nutrition and diet for prostate patients
- The right exercises your doctor may consider
- Is it possible to father children after treatment
- Can prostate cancer be prevented
Put your fears and anxiety behind you once and for all! Get the answers to these burning
questions and MUCH MORE inside "Dealing With Prostate Cancer."
You owe it to yourself and your loved ones to get the answers. Fear of the unknown is the worst
case enemy you need to fight. Getting the answers to the unknown is the first step to peace of
mind and living a long and healthy life!
Do it right now while you are focused. Don't wait until it's too late!
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Brought to you by Jacob Gan, PhD (Michigan)
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